Reinforcement design and buckling analysis of toroidal shell with openings

This paper focuses on the wall reinforcement design of toroidal shells with openings. Five 304 stainless steel test models were manufactured, and geometric measurements, three-dimensional scanning, hydrostatic tests carried out. The scanning established according to measured geometrical imperfections. Linear buckling analysis (LBA), geometrically materially nonlinear (GMNA), imperfections (GMNIA) used for numerical simulations. results in good agreement results, an effective finite element method was obtained. Finally, 51 simulations study influence size, number, shape openings load performance shell